Linux

Common files in this directory: SSH (Secure Shell) is a foundational tool in the Linux ecosystem, used for remote access, secure file transfers, automation, and server management. While most users interact with SSH via the ssh command, under the hood SSH relies on public and private key pairs for authentication — especially in environments where […]

One of the key foundations of Linux system security and multi-user architecture is its file permission model. Unlike Windows, Linux strictly enforces ownership and access control for every file and directory in the system. Mastering file permissions isn’t just about security — it’s essential for managing servers, deploying software, running scripts, and automating tasks. The […]

Renaming files is one of the most common tasks in any operating system — and in Linux, it becomes especially powerful when done via the terminal. From simple name changes to complex batch operations using patterns, renaming is an essential tool for: Organizing files by date, type, or project Automating cleanup of logs, backups, or […]

In Linux, the phrase “change user” can describe several different actions—some temporary and session-based, others permanent and system-wide. Because Linux is a multi-user operating system by design, it provides multiple ways to switch identities and permissions depending on what you’re trying to achieve: administering a server, running an application with limited rights, fixing file access […]

On modern Linux systems, network configuration is managed through a set of command-line tools that let you inspect, troubleshoot, and modify IP settings without relying on a graphical interface. These commands are essential for administrators and power users because they provide fast, precise control over how a machine connects to a network—whether you’re assigning a […]

Running n8n on your own VPS is the best way to build secure, scalable, and always-on automation workflows. Unlike cloud-based automation services, hosting n8n on an AlexHost VPS gives you full data privacy, unlimited executions, 24/7 uptime, and predictable costs. With Debian 12 as the base OS, you’ll benefit from long-term stability and modern software […]

By default, Ubuntu installs updates automatically to keep your system safe and stable. This is useful for most users, but in some cases you may want to control updates manually — for example, on servers, test environments, or when you need to keep specific software versions. Main Update Mechanisms in Ubuntu unattended-upgrades — service that […]

When working with Linux, many tutorials instruct users to run commands using apt-get to install, update, or remove software packages. However, encountering the following error can cause confusion, especially among beginners: apt-get: command not found This message, while seemingly alarming, typically points to a straightforward issue: the system cannot locate the apt-get executable. This article […]

Managing software repositories is a critical aspect of maintaining a stable and secure Linux environment. Occasionally, repositories may become problematic—they may be outdated, untrusted, or cause conflicts during package management operations. This article provides a comprehensive guide on safely identifying and removing such troublesome repositories, primarily within Debian-based Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Mint, and Kubuntu. […]

MongoDB is a popular, high-performance NoSQL database used for modern applications that need flexible data models, fast reads/writes, and easy horizontal scaling. If you’re deploying an API, SaaS platform, CRM, e-commerce backend, or any data-driven service, running MongoDB on a VPS gives you full control over performance, security, and costs. In this guide, you’ll learn […]